Physical Distribution and Logistics Management

Question: Discuss about the Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. Answer: Introduction The retail industry has grown at a massive rate in the recent years that increase the level of competition due to free entry and exit of firms. New trends have been developed in the market with extensive changes in the strategies of the leading organisations. A change can be noticed in the taste and demand of the consumers that makes the customers look for huge merchandise and variety of products (Holmstrm, 2008). Hence, it is important for the retailers to implement competitive strategy by reducing cost of operations, provide on time deliver and variety of products. It has become mandatory for any retail organisation to implement innovative supply chain management to obtain speed and flexibility in operations (Farahvash Altiok, 2011). The study focuses on the current purchasing and inventory management system used by Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre. Furthermore, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the current purchasing and inventory management system used by the company. In accordance to the issues, innovative supply chain and inventory management concepts have discussed that can be helpful to increase the efficiency and reduce investment while maintaining adequate stock. Finally, the study presents necessary recommendations for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre to restructure its procurement and inventory functions. Current Purchasing and inventory management process Under the leadership of Belinda Green, Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre has followed strict procurement and inventory management system controlling management practices directed to maintain the stocks. In the contemporary business scenario, the firm requires massive investment in stock. In addition to that, adequate resources of management have been included to utilise the investment to the stock. Meanwhile, the entire process of existing purchasing and inventory has been established according to Saxons laissez-faire approach. As a result of the scenario, the purchasing and inventory management system has looked somewhat odd in compared to other retail operating companies. The major areas of purchasing and inventory management of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre have no integrated approaches (Viale, 2016). Each of the stores functioned autonomously, and the inventories have been managed following substantial orders. Whenever shortage of products has taken place, stocks have been shifted be tween stores to manage the situation. In the inventory management system, some of the most offered product brands items may vary within the shops. Primarily, this type of inventory management cannot be adopted in the competitors inventory management system (Ancarani, Di Mauro, DUrso, 2016). As the managers of the three stores of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre have operated different levels of purchasing and inventory management system, the system of inventory and purchasing are entirely unconnected. Conversely, the diverse management systems of the three stores of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre have no similarities and uniformities for practical sustainability (Zhang, Xu, Wu, 2009). On the basis of practical interest, the inventory management and purchasing system of the three stores of the firm is not providing any sustainability to the corporate business. Though in the case of shortage of items the system looks outstanding, the disconnection among the three management systems is not tactically correct (Zhuang, 2014). Competitive advantages and disadvantages of the currently used process The current purchasing and inventory management process of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre have several advantages and disadvantages that impacts the business of the organisation. For example, the primary advantage of the current process is the less investment required to maintain the inventory (Jessop, 2014). Another advantage of the inventory management process is the less spaced required to store the inventories. It is known that advantages and disadvantages are two sides of the same coin. The competitive advantages and disadvantages of the currently used process are discussed herein below: Advantages Low Investment: The current process of the Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre needs low investment because there is no need of maintaining extra inventory. Along with that, it buys inventory according to the demand of the customers (Jessop, 2014). Along with that, few products are kept in the store that minimise the cost of inventory management. Low Space to Manage Inventory: The Company does not need any extra space to maintain the inventory that reduces the cost of warehouse (Nasiri, Davoudpour, Karimi, 2010). There is no need of any extra employee to maintain the warehouses. It reduces the work pressure of the inventory managers as the location of the warehouse is situated at the store. Individual Operations: Each and every store of the organisation operates separately. They order inventories according to their need (Jessop, 2014). Hence, the pressure over the inventory managers reduces due to low area of operations. Disadvantages Delay in Shipment: The orders for the inventory are made whenever needed according to the exhaustion of the stock. In other words, the orders are made when the stock finishes that leads to delay in shipments (Laing Cotton, 2007). Customers visiting the store need to wait for the stock to come for purchasing a product. Lack of Stock: The lack of stock makes the customers wait for the new shipments to come. Every store does not have all products that are in demand and manages from other stores to meet the customers need (Jessop, 2014). It leads to loss of time and money to bring new stocks to meet the customised needs of the customers. Loss of Reputation: The lack of stock and delay in shipments leads to loss of reputation of the stores in this competitive market. It impacts the loyalty of the customer towards the company. Hence, it will negatively impact the business in the current market scenario (Laing Cotton, 2007). Appropriate supply-chain and inventory management system The appropriate supply chain and inventory management system to increase efficiency and reduce investment whilst maintaining adequate stock levels can be achieved by implementing the following strategies. Understandably, supply chain management theory can be taken into consideration in the business structure of the organisation. By identifying the demand of the customers, innovative, high quality and low cost brand products must be promoted according to the latest supply chain management theory to meet the demand of the customers. Moreover, the hybrid type of supply chain management will be suitable for significant operations in the each of the branches of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre. Constant analysis and manipulation: There is a need of constant analysis and manipulation of new procurement strategies by conducting regular market research (Raki, 2014). Decisively, demand theory must be identified as one of the best theoretical concepts to develop latest procurement ideas delivering solid inventory management system. The supply chain management of the company must be aware of the facts regarding the changes of price in the market and must maintain good relation with different suppliers Implement Just-In-Time Strategy: The organisation must implement Just-In-Time strategy to minimise cost of maintaining extra stock (Wild, 2007). It helps to reduce the space of maintaining inventory. Furthermore, the Just-In-Time policy increases the reputation of the company in the market. Common inventory: There is a need of common inventory for all three stores. A common warehouse will help the company to increase the efficiency of supply chain system and reduce pressure by eliminating the situations of emergency (Shockley Fetter, 2015). In operations management, inventory theory is another exceptional theoretical concept to design the inventory model in order to minimise the cost. Applying the theory, the organisation must promote a significant inventory management and procurement system. Online Inventory System: The online inventory system will help the stores to order products automatically. The online inventory system can be managed using procurement theory creating a paradigm leading to effective inventory management. Procurement theory can be utilised within the inventory management to develop the inventory management following the supplier and consumer model in the same chain system. It will reduce the pressure of the inventory managers and enable the company with efficient supply chain management (Dollar, 2010). Furthermore, the online inventory management system will work according to a fixed plan that will provide better flexibility and faster service. Recommendations for restructuring the purchasing and inventory functions As the purchasing and inventory management has been one of the most effective systems to control the productivity of a firm, a purposeful restructuring of the existing purchasing and inventory management of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre is recommended on basis of certain modern supply chain theories (Babbar Prasad, 2008). Through the identification of the problems attached to the scenario, some of the valid recommendations have been advised as follows. Clearly, hybrid supply chain management will be evident for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre as such SCM has used make-to-stock and lean strategies to provide efficient stock maintenance in order to meet the demand of the customers. Apply Multi-Period and Just-In-Time Inventory Models: By considering the demand theory, the existing business operations of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centres three stores have been suitable for multi-period inventory models to be chosen (Ramalhinho Dias Loureno Ribeiro, 2015). The fixed-order quantity model can control event triggered situation such as stocking and the Just-In Time design can increase the sales at the same time (Ramalhinho Dias Loureno Ribeiro, 2015). Thus, efficient purchasing and inventory system can be managed. Modern Supply Chain System: Through the listing of the stockings and products of each of three stores using an online inventory system, a unanimous purchase order decisions should have been promoted to maintain the sustainability of the system (Ramalhinho Dias Loureno Ribeiro, 2015). In this way, identifying the Supply chain management theory, a reserve of items and costs of inventory can be suitably handled. It helps to eliminate the lack of stock and allows every store to sell a variety of products. Centralised Warehouse: Invariably, centralised warehouse must be planned so that the maintenance of the procurement procedure and inventory system will be lot easier (Ritchken Tapiero, 2016). According to the procurement model theory, through tracking down the balance of the purchasing items, the reserves and return ratio of the stock must be centralised to restrict the purchasing. Thus, using a single record system the labour cost and maintenance cost can be minimised (Ritchken Tapiero, 2016). Cost Savings Contemplation: In purchasing and inventory management, Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre must select standardised suppliers and consignment agreements to promote cost saving contemplation. In this way, by following inventory theory, significant benefits can be achieved reducing inventory and stocks. Standardised suppliers will promote on-time delivery and reduce the price of raw materials through bulk purchase for all of the three stores at a time (Sepehri, 2011). Such efficient purchasing and inventory system can be effective for Brisbane Outdoor Power Centres management to control the maintenance functionality of the purchasing and inventory management system (Sepehri, 2011). If the recommendations are approved, the following action plan can be implemented as given in the table below: TASK ACCOUNTABLE OFFICER TIME REMARKS Undertake stock to take of inventory of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre Personal Information Manager (PIM), Branch Manager 15-Oct-16 Report to PIM to conduct baseline data establishment Formulate and plan latest Supply Chain Management and inventory system PIM, Branch Manager Nov-16 Draft contract document for Supply Chain Management partners PIM, Branch Manager Nov-16 Approval of Board for recent SCM arrangements, Legal advice regarding latest contract arrangements with partners Select and appoint SCM partners PIM, Branch Manager Dec-16 Contracts signed off Restructure Brisbane Power's Supply Chain into latest developed inventory system PIM, Branch Manager Dec-16 Report to be drafted by PIM for Board of Directors Conclusion The previous operations of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre under the leadership of Donald Saxon have seen the impressive development of the business. The outlets of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centre have managed effectively creating a massive buzz around the market. The efficient management of the purchasing and inventory system has earned a strong reputation within the target market. The reliability and performance standards of the knowledgeable workforce of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centres stores have contributed to the achievements of the three outlets situated at different locations. Meanwhile, as the business moves on, the management of inventory and purchasing of orders has lost the potentials. The quality of the merchandising has decreased considerably under the market scenario. As a result of the circumstances, for the retail establishment within the market, significant steps must be taken by the management improving the existing management standards of supply chain, purchasing and s tock maintenance. Evidently, Ms Green must identify the tight financial situation of the firm to approve the latest recommendations in inventory management. The odd existing purchasing and inventory management system of Brisbane Outdoor Power Centres three outlets and the functionality of the managers must be altered as soon as possible. Through the implementation of multi-period inventory models, the efficient strategic modification must be developed within the system. Also, centralised outlets and cost saving considerations must be promoted to reduce the cost of inventory. References Ancarani, A., Di Mauro, C., DUrso, D. (2016). Measuring overconfidence in inventory management decisions.Journal Of Purchasing And Supply Management,22(3), 171-180. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2016.05.001 Babbar, S. Prasad, S. (2008). International purchasing, inventory management and logistics research.International Journal Of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,28(6), 403-433. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600039810245076 Dollar, W. (2010).Purchasing management and inventory control for small business. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Management Information and Training. Farahvash, P. Altiok, T. (2011). A multi-period inventory model with multi-dimensional procurement bidding.Annals Of Operations Research,186(1), 101-118. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-011-0893-4 Holmstrm, J. (2008). Business process innovation in the supply chain a case study of implementing vendor managed inventory.European Journal Of Purchasing Supply Management,4(2-3), 127-131. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-7012(97)00028-2 Jessop, D. (2014). Purchasing and the management of materials.European Journal Of Purchasing Supply Management,1(3), 193. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-7012(94)90009-4 Jessop, D. (2014). Purchasing management, analysis, planning and practice.European Journal Of Purchasing Supply Management,1(3), 194-195. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-7012(94)90010-8 Laing, A. Cotton, S. (2007). Patterns of inter-organizational purchasing.European Journal Of Purchasing Supply Management,3(2), 83-91. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-7012(96)00020-2 Nasiri, P., Davoudpour, H., Karimi, B. (2010). The Impact of Integrated Analysis on Supply chain Management: A Coordinated Approach for Inventory Control Policy.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,15(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598541080001412 Raki, H. (2014). An application of RFID in supply chain management to reduce inventory estimation error.10.5267/J.Uscm,2(2), 97-104. https://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2014.1.001 Ramalhinho Dias Loureno, H. Ribeiro, R. (2015), Multi-Period Vendor Managed Inventory Systems.SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.563261 Ritchken, P. Tapiero, C. (2016). Contingent Claims Contracting for Purchasing Decisions in Inventory Management.Operations Research,34(6), 864-870. https://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.34.6.864 Sepehri, M. (2011). Cost and inventory benefits of cooperation in multi-period and multi-product supply.Scientia Iranica,18(3), 731-741. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.05.020 Shockley, J. Fetter, G. (2015). Distribution co-opetition and multi-level inventory management performance: An industry analysis and simulation.Journal Of Purchasing And Supply Management,21(1), 51-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2014.09.002 Viale, J. (2016).Inventory management. Menlo Park, Calif.: Crisp Publications. Wild, A. (2007).Best practice in inventory management. New York: Wiley. Zhang, D., Xu, H., Wu, Y. (2009). Single and multi-period optimal inventory control models with risk-averse constraints.European Journal Of Operational Research,199(2), 420-434. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.11.047 Zhuang, Z. (2014). Inventory Information Management of Logistics Supply Chain.AMR,989-994, 5453-5456. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.5453.

Organizations From Heavy Engineer Industry -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizations From Heavy Engineering Industry? Answer: Introduction Employees or the human resources of any organization form the backbone of the business. Without them it would impossible to carry out numerous operations that run in the business. Despite the improved technology and enhanced usage of that technology, the human resources of any business still remain crucial (James Mathew, 2012). This report throws light on how and why is it getting extremely challenging to retain employees in the organization and what are the steps that can be put to fight the same. The organization in reference is Samsung. Samsung is a leading player in the electronic goods industry. Samsung pays its employees in two components, first being a fixed salary and second is the variable bonus. This bonus is ideally capped at 50% of the employees salary. Samsungs mobile divisions performance in the year 2015 was below average and largely away from the desired target. However, as an organization, Samsung still continued to give bonuses to all the employees of the mobile division despite poor performance. Although, the move taken by Samsung to motivate their employees and appreciate their efforts was a brilliant gesture, it adversely impacted the morale of other employees who didnt fare so well. This especially includes the battery division, whose employees were paid a 3% bonus the same year. This report will lay emphasis on strategies adopted by Samsung to retain employees as well as recommendations to better the same. Challenges in retaining employees In the competitive market world that surrounds us, there are increasing challenges that an organization is faced with while attempting to retain its employees. A few of these challenges are as below: Competitive job market The job market that exists today is highly competitive. The increasing globalization has created jobs across the world and every employer is fighting to get the best candidate work for their firm. This competition in the job market has led to employees leaving their jobs and looking out for better opportunities at the slightest discomfort (Hong Hao, 2012). It is very easy for employees to get attracted by other lucrative offers and leave their current job. This makes it difficult for employees to work with the same organization for longer periods. Employee poaching Employee poaching is the process of a competent employee of an organization being lured or poached by a competing firm by offering better compensations for his or her work. This employee poaching has come into existence due to a dearth of competent employees and the increasing ability of businesses to pay better. Industry competition also plays an important role in employee poaching (Das Baruah, 2013). In order to remain competitive in the business, organizations try to get employees of their competitors with an agenda of gaining a deeper insight about the working of the latters business Working environment Very often, employees leaving the organization is because the working environment offered by their current employer is not sustainable. Longer working hours, insufficient pay, workplace inequality or an environment for demotivation are all reasons why employees leave their current workplace and look for better opportunities (Sinha Sinha, 2012). Professional relationships across the business also directly impact the employees attitude and feeling towards his workplace. Excessive interference, lack of freedom to work, slower growth of career, reduced learning or unfriendly attitude of employers often makes employees largely dissatisfied with their workplace and forces them to look out for better options. Overpromising Through the process of any recruitment process, both the employees as well as the employers often tend to overpromise each other. Which leads to unsatisfied employees and employers. When employees or candidates overpromise in an interview and are unable to deliver the same, employers tend to replace that employee. Similarly, when employers overpromise to lure a competent employee and are unable to deliver, then the employee starts looking for better job opportunities. Importance of retaining employees With the increasing competition in the world, it is largely important that employees build long term relationships with their workplaces. This leads to the growth of the employee as well as the organization (Terera Ngirande, 2014). There are numerous advantages of employees working with the same employer for long. The efforts of the employers to retain employees has the following advantages: Long term relationships Retaining employees in the workplace for longer periods builds long term relationships between the employer and employee. This productiveness of the relationship leads to better and improved workplace environment. The employee is familiar with the policies and procedures followed at the organization and has adjusted to the same. Therefore the work environment becomes very comfortable and productive. This also transpires open communication and hence better understanding between the employer and employee. Increased sense of ownership Once an employee spends a certain amount of time at the workplace, the employee begins to feel an enhanced sense of ownership towards the organization. This increases employees loyalty towards the firm but also the employee begins to align personal goals to the goals of the business (Kwenin, Muathe Nzulwa, 2013). Eventually, this leads to improved performance and better efforts from employees towards the growth of the organization. Recommendations to retain employees It is imperative that organizations put sufficient efforts to retain employees. Most often, employees are able to understand those efforts and respect them. Such efforts make the employees feel valued and respected (Akila, 2012). This makes the employees inclined towards staying with the same organization and doing something for the business in return. There are various ways in which employers can put efforts to retain employees. Few of the strategies the help improve the business environment and encourage employees to remain loyal are as below: Rewards and recognition Rewards and recognition are ways of accepting, encouraging and appreciating employees efforts in the business. Rewards are given to motive employees and bring them to work even harder. They are a token of appreciation (Bryant Allen, 2013). Rewards distributed and recognizing employees efforts also makes them aware that their efforts are being noticed. In large firms, it is often difficult for the CEO to notice the efforts of all the employees, therefore, in such a scenario, various managers are appointed at different hierarchical levels. It is the duty of these managers and leaders to make sure that the employees working under them are rewarded and their efforts are recognized by the top management of the firm. Fair treatment Very often it is noticed that employees face certain kinds of discrimination or unfair treatment. This leads to frustration among employees and leads them to look for other jobs. Such an unfair treatment also hampers the work environment and creates negativity in the business. In the case of Samsung as well, it was noticed that a certain departments employees got a high bonus while at the same time, another departments employees received a low bonus. This unfair treatment leads to employees being unsatisfied and this is when they start looking for other opportunities. Therefore, as a policy organizations must create a fair environment for all their employees (Kocher, Strasser, 2012). They must also ensure that employees are not selected or promoted in the organization on the basis of nepotism of favoritism. Growth and development of employees In order to ensure that employees sustain in any organization in the longer run, organizations must work towards ensuring the growth and development of employees. If employees will be able to see themselves growing in the business and in their professional lives, they will be able to see a long term career in the business. In order to achieve the same, organizations must work towards giving employees a transparent and 360 degree feedback (Ajala, 2012). Constructive feedbacks will help employees grow and improve their performance. HR managers must also make sure that employee is able to align his or her goals to the goals of the organization. This will help employees remain motivated in the business and put consistent efforts in improving their performance as well. Work place environment Work place environment is the factor that affects employees to the largest extent. The business environment within which employees function either enables them to either work hard or it demotivates them and adversely impacts their performance. It is hence, the responsibility of the organization to provide their employees with a motivating, positive and encouraging environment to work in that fosters a healthy competition. A positive workplace environment will enable organizations to retain their employees in the longer run. This will also make it plausible for employees to build a long term relationship with the organization as well as its colleagues. A positive work place environment is established by open communication, mutual respect, trust, healthy competition and efficient leadership. To make sure that employees remain associated with the business, organizations must work upon creating a healthy environment. Open communication It has often been noticed that employees face various issues in the workplace but are unable to express their concern over the same. This is why organizations must create an environment of open communication. This communication should be transparent throughout the firm. Open communication leads to effective addressing of employee grievances. When employee grievances are addressed effectively, then employee retention becomes much easier (Rajhans, 2012). Organizations must adopt an open door policy. Open door policy is adopted by various leading organizations where the top management of the firm leave their office doors open to signify that they are always available for communication. Such an open communication helps in retention of employees by providing them a better workplace environment and by ensuring that if any employee faces any kind of problem, then it can be addressed by the organization. A 360 degree feedback system must be adopted where every employee of the company will be provided a feedback by all the people related to them in the business including their juniors. Such a feedback system leads to open communication, growth of the employee in the business, better relationships and eventually higher retention of employees. Conclusion Employee retention is one of the most important aspects of any business. A lower attrition and a higher retention rate also reflect positively on the organization. Businesses must put consistent efforts to ensure that the employees of their organization build long term relationships with the business and see a successful future in the firm. Employee retention leads to aligning of employee goals with the goals of the organization. When employees spend a considerable amount of time in the business, they become familiar with the procedures, policies and functionalities of the business. At the same point of time, a long term association with the business also enhances the sense of ownership that employees feel towards the firm. It is therefore largely important that organizations put efforts in retaining their employees for a long term. This leads to beneficial and productive relationships between the employee and the employer. In order to ensure achievement of the same, businesses must promote open communication so that employee grievances are immediately addressed and they remain satisfied with the organization. Organizations must also work towards aligning personal and professional goals of individual employees with the goals of the organization to make sure that employees can grow, develop and improve themselves. Lastly, organizations must ensure that all employees are fairly treated and all the employees efforts are rewarded and recognized. Motivated employees have a tendency to remain associated with the firm in the longer run. On the other hand, if the employee remains unsatisfied in the business, then they look out for other opportunities. References Ajala, E. M. (2012, June). The influence of workplace environment on workers welfare, performance and productivity. InThe African Symposium(Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 141-149). Akila, R. (2012). A study on Employee Retention among Executives at BGR energy systems Ltd, Chennai.International Journal of marketing, financial services management research,1(9), 18-32. Bryant, P. C., Allen, D. G. (2013). Compensation, benefits and employee turnover: HR strategies for retaining top talent.Compensation Benefits Review,45(3), 171-175. Das, B. L., Baruah, M. (2013). Employee retention: A review of literature.Journal of Business and Management,14(2), 8-16. Hong, E.N.C., Hao, L.Z., 2012. An effectiveness of human resource management practices on employee retention in institute of higher learning: A regression analysis.International journal of business research and management,3(2), pp.60-79. James, L., Mathew, L. (2012). Employee retention strategies: IT industry.SCMS Journal of Indian Management,9(3), 79. Kocher, M. G., Strasser, S. (2012).The fair employment hypothesis: Reciprocity in unstable environments. Mimeo. Kwenin, D. O., Muathe, S., Nzulwa, R. (2013). The influence of employee rewards, human resource policies and job satisfaction on the retention of employees in Vodafone Ghana Limited.European Journal of Business and Management,5(12), 13-20. Rajhans, K. (2012). Effective organizational communication: A key to employee motivation and performance.Interscience Management Review,2(2), 81-85. Sinha, C. and Sinha, R., (2012). Factors affecting employee retention: A comparative analysis of two organizations from heavy engineering industry.European journal of business and management,4(3), pp.145-162. Terera, S. R., Ngirande, H. (2014). The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(1), 481.

Lung Cancer Essay Example For Students

Lung Cancer Essay Main Entry: cancerPronunciation: kan(t)-s;rFunction: nounEtymology: Middle English, from Latin (genitive Cancri), literally, crab; akin to Greek karkinos crab, cancer1 : capitalized a : a northern zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo b (1) : the 4th sign of the zodiac in astrology see ZODIAC table (2) : one born under the sign of Cancer 2 : Latin, crab, cancer a : a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis b : an abnormal bodily state marked by such tumors 3 : something evil or malignant that spreads destructively 4 a : an enlarged tumorlike plant growth (as that of crown gall) b : a plant disease marked by such growths cancerous /kan(t)s-rs, kan(t)-s;-/ adjective cancerously adverbMain Entry: cancerPronunciation: kan(t)-srFunction: nounEtymology: Middle English, from Latin (genitive Cancri), literally, crab; akin to Greek karkinos crab, cancer1 : capitalized a : a northern zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo b (1) : the 4th sign of the zodiac in astrology see ZODIAC table (2) : one born under the sign of Cancer 2 : Latin, crab, cancer a : a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis b : an abnormal bodily state marked by such tumors 3 : something evil or malignant that spreads destructively 4 a : an enlarged tumorlike plant growth (as that of crown gall) b : a plant disease marked by such growths cancerous /kan(t)s-r;s, kan(t)-s-/ adjective cancerously adverbMain Entry: cancerPronunciation: kan(t)-s;rFunction: nounEtymology: Middle English, from Latin (genitive Cancri), literally, crab; akin to Greek karkinos crab, cancer1 : capitalized a : a northern zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo b (1) : the 4th sign of the zodiac in astrology see ZODIAC table (2) : one born under the sign of Cancer 2 : Latin, crab, cancer a : a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by in vasion and systemically by metastasis b : an abnormal bodily state marked by such tumors 3 : something evil or malignant that spreads destructively 4 a : an enlarged tumorlike plant growth (as that of crown gall) b : a plant disease marked by such growths cancerous /kan(t)s-rs, kan(t)-s;-/ adjective cancerously adverb

Find a Sample Essay on the Great Gatsby

Find a Sample Essay on the Great GatsbyYou may be an English major who plans to teach yourself how to write a successful essay on the great Gatsby. You may be an English major who plans to teach yourself how to write a successful essay on the great Gatsby. The trick is to write something that you already know how to write or something that you have read in a book or from another student's writing.It is hard to find a sample essay on the great Gatsby. All the books and essays are written by people who have already finished their college degree, either online or offline. You cannot really use the examples they use because your college student will not know anything about what you are talking about. The best way to get started is to simply follow the examples of what your college student knows already.The best way to learn how to write a sample essay on the great Gatsby is to pick one of the great novels written by Fitzgerald, Austen, Whitman, and Dickens. Then use the same examples tha t they use. Write something you already know how to write and it will save you a lot of time and effort.What about the sample essay on the great Gatsby that you find on the internet? First of all, this is not how a college student would write it. Second of all, even if you were to write it as you know how to write it, it is still not a good example because it does not make any sense. Third of all, it may help you understand that your college student needs more help than someone else that already finished his or her degree, as they will not know any more about writing an essay on the great Gatsby.Take note that the major difference between the 'famous' writers in this case is that one was an English major and the other did not. They will also not know anything about writing an essay on the great Gatsby. If you were to take a look at some of their examples you will see that all of them involve people who know English and have lived their lives in the United States. A college student o n the other hand will not know anything about any of this.When you go to school, you learned English and all of these novels were written in the English language. When you are writing the essay on the great Gatsby, you are teaching yourself how to write a sample essay. This is much more difficult because you will be trying to make the whole thing sound 'academic.'If you are planning to write this essay, you should not go for the ones that look very difficult or even appear to be written in English. Since English is the only language in the world that has modern slang and informal speech, your chances of getting this right are slim. Try to make your essay as simple as possible so that you can have more time to concentrate on the other parts of the essay.Unfortunately, English is also the language that many of the other people that you will talk to in this essay are using. They will not be able to understand anything about what you are saying because English is not their mother tongue . With this information, you can now confidently look for sample essays on the great Gatsby for college students.

Wuthering Heights Essays (1009 words) - British Films,

Wuthering Heights WUTHERING HEIGHTS MAIN CHARACTERS Catherine Earnshaw ~ She is the daughter of Mr. Earnshaw and the sister of Hindley. She is also Heathcliffs foster sister. Heathcliff and Catherine are in love, but she marries Edgar Linton instead. When Cathy died, she wanted both Heathcliff and Edgar to suffer because Edgar never understood why she loved Heathcliff and Heathcliff because he never knew why she married Edgar. Catherine Linton ~ She is the daughter of the older Catherine and Edgar Linton. Her mother Catherine died shortly after she was born. She married Linton Heathcliff and became Catherine Heathcliff. Then after her husbands death she married Harenton and became Catherine Earnshaw. Mr. Earnshaw ~ He was a farmer and father of Hindley and Catherine. He is a kind- hearted man who takes Heathcliff in after he found him lying on the street, although his family protested he still took him in. Edgar Linton ~ He is Isabellas older brother, who marries Catherine Earnshaw and is the father of there daughter, Catherine Linton. He is a gentle bred, refined man, a patient husband and loving father. Ellen Dean ~ Ellen is one of the main narrators. She has been a servant for the Lintons and Earnshaws all her life. She knows all of them better than any one else. People that are close to her call her Nelly. Frances Earnshaw ~ She is Hindleys wife. She was a rather giddy woman. She displayed a great fear of death, which tells us why she died of tuberculosis. Harenton Earnshaw ~ Harenton is the son of Frances and Hindley Earnshaw. He marries young Catherine and grows up with his Uncle Heathcliff; his both mother and father die. He is ruff and uncultured having been kept from civilization from so long by Heathcliff. The Wuthering Heights belongs to Harenton even though Heathcliff runs the household. Hindley Earnshaw ~ Is the only son of Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw, he is also Catherines older brother. He becomes a violent alcoholic after his beloved wife Frances dies. Also Hindley never got along with Heathcliff because Hindley felt rejected from his fathers affection, because Heathcliff the favorite child of Mr. Earnshaw. Heathcliff ~ He is taken in by Mr. Earnshaw and raised along with Catherine and Hindley. Catherine was a moving force in his life, and he hated all those who stood between him and his beloved Cathy. However, he was of unknown descendants and was found in Liverpool starving on the streets. Heathcliff married Isabella, and they had a child named Linton together. However, he only married her for her money. Isabella Linton ~ She is Edgars younger sister, and marries Heathcliff and became Isabella Heathcliff. She and Heathcliff had a son together named Linton. Before she married Heathcliff she was a little foolish, but a pretty young girl. After she married him, she became cruel, just like Heathcliff. She also developed a great hate for him with all her heart. Joseph ~ He is a household servant at Wuthering Heights, and his religion is to be unforgiving to others. Dr. Kenneth ~ He is the local doctor who helps people who are sick or dying. His main concern is for his patients well being. Mr. and Mrs. Linton ~ Are Edgar and Isabellas parents. They spoil their children and also turn young Cathy into a young lady. They are very unsympathetic to Heathcliff when he is a child. Linton Heathcliff ~ He is the son of Heathcliff and Isabella. He had the worst qualities of both his parents. He was also a very weak and cruel person. Linton marries young Cathy, but dies soon after. So Heathcliff inherited all the property and money of the Linton family. Lockwood ~ He was one of the narrators of the novel. He was from London and was not particularly sympathetic. Zillah ~ A housekeeper at Wuthering Heights. She was an impatient, but capable woman. CONFLICT One conflict was between Mr. Heathcliff and Mr. Hindledy, they were enemies because when they were children Mr. Earnshaw (Hindleys father and Heathcliffs foster father) liked Heathcliff better. He was always Mr. Earnshaw's favorite and Hindley despised him for that. Hindley felt that Heathcliff just came in and took his fathers affection for him. So after their fathers death

Nuclear Treaties free essay sample

Examines treaties in effect in early 1996. Purposes, goals, signatory nations, legality, testing, focusing on Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. This research reviews major nuclear treaties in effect or negotiated and awaiting ratification in early-1996 with respect to treaty purposes, goals, and signatory nations. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the legality under these treaties of either the hostile use of nuclear weapons or the testing of such weapons. Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) became effective in March 1970 for a 25-year period following ratification by 178 nations. The NPT was re-negotiated and renewed at a conference attended by 175 nations of the original 178 nations in 1995. The NPT was extended indefinitely on 11 May 1995.

Asthma

Asthma Free Online Research Papers Asthma is a lung disease that affects approximately ten million people in the United States. (Cramer 2) In people with asthma, the airways of the lungs are hypersensitive to irritants such as cigarette smoke or allergens. When these irritants are inhaled, the airways react by constricting, or narrowing. Some people with asthma have only mild, intermittent symptoms that can be controlled without drugs. In others, the symptoms are chronic, severe, and sometime life threatening. Although researchers have learned more about the underlying causes of asthma in recent years, a definitive treatment is still unavailable. In the last decade, asthma deaths worldwide have rose 42%. (Cramer 2) The reasons for this increase are not clear; however, many experts believe that the lack of standard treatments and the inconsistent monitoring of asthma patients have contributed to the increased mortality rate. With this disease comes many questions such as what is asthma, what are the symptoms and causes, how is it diagnosis, what are the treatments, how is it prevented and maintained. In answering these typical questions people will be more informed of a disease that is killing people. Asthma is sometimes referred to as a disease of â€Å"twitchy lungs†, which means that the airways are extremely sensitive to irritants. The airways are the tubes that bring air from the windpipe, known as the trachea, to the lungs. These tubes are called the bronchi. Each bronchus, in turn, branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are small, balloon like structures called alveoli. The alveoli are tiny sacs that allow oxygen to diffuse from body tissues into the lungs to be exhaled. (Shier, Butler, Lewis 786-88) During an asthma attack, the bronchi and bronchioles constrict and obstruct the passage of air into the alveoli. Besides constricting, the airways may secrete copious amounts of mucus in an effort to clear the irritation from the lungs. The airway walls also swell, causing inflammation and further obstruction. As the airways become increasingly obstructed, oxygen cannot reach the small air sacs; blood levels of oxygen drop, and the body’s tissues and organs become oxygen deprived. At the same time carbon dioxide cannot escape the small air sacs for exhalation; blood levels of carbon dioxide increase, and exert a toxic effect on the tissues and organs of the body. Most of the time asthma is caused by, inhaling an allergen that sets off a chain of reactions. â€Å"Once asthma is present, symptoms can be set off or made worse if the patient also has rhinitis (inflammation of the lining of the nose) or sinusitis.† (Cramer 3) Acid reflux for some reason can also make asthma worse. A viral infection of the respiratory tract, aspirin, and a drug called beta-blockers (often used to treat high blood pressure) can also inflame an asthmatic reaction. (Cramer 3) In addition to cigarette smoke and various allergens, other triggers can cause asthma attacks. A cold, or other upper respiratory infections may bring on an asthma attack. Strong emotions, such as excitement, tension, or anxiety, may trigger asthma symptoms. Even exercise and extreme weather conditions, such as very cold, very hot, or very humid weather, can cause an asthma attack. Environmental exposures, such as pollution and ozone levels can also contribute to an asthma attack. (Britann ic 1) The characteristic sign of asthma is wheezing, the noisy, whistling breathing that a person makes as he or she tries to push air in and out of narrowed airways. Other symptoms of asthma include a tight chest, shortness of breath, and a cough. When diagnosing a patient for asthma, the examiner should look for maximum chest expansion while taking in air. (Cramer 5) Hunched shoulders and contracting neck muscles are other signs of narrowed airways. Nasal polyps or increased amounts of nasal secretions often noted in asthmatic patients. â€Å"Skin changes, like atopic dermatitis or eczema, are a tip off that the patient has allergic problems.† (Cramer 5) Inquiring about family history of asthma or allergies can be a valuable indicator of asthma. The diagnosis may be strongly suggested when typical symptoms and signs are present. A test called spirometry measures how rapidly air is exhaled and how much is retained in the lungs. Repeating the test after the patient inhales a drug that widens the air passages (a bronchodilator) will show whether the airway narrowing is reversible, which is a very typical finding in asthma. Often patients use a related instrument, called a peak flow meter, to keep track of asthma severity at home. Often, it is difficult to determine what is triggering asthma attacks. Allergy skin test may be used, although an allergic skin response does not always mean that the allergen being tested is causing the asthma. Also, the body’s immune system produces antibody to fight off that allergen, and the amount of antibody can be measured by a blood test. This will show how sensitive the patient is to a particular allergen. If the diagnosis is still in doubt, the patient can inhale a suspect allergen while using a spirometer to detect airway narrowing. Spirometry can also be repeated after a bout of exercise if exercise induced asthma is a possibility. A chest x-ray will help rule out other disorders. Currently, several drugs are used to treat asthma. Not all asthmatic drugs should be used by every asthma patient. Some patients with mild asthma only need to use medication intermittently to contr ol wheezing. Patients with more serious asthma need to take medication at regular intervals to avoid life-threatening attacks. It is important for asthma patients to see their doctors if the frequency or severity of their symptoms change. One form of medication is termed bronchodilators. Bronchodilators dilate constricted lung airways by relaxing the muscles, which line the bronchial tubes. Oral bronchodilators include theophylline; theophyllines counterpart, aminophylline, is used through a needle in the vein for severe episodes of asthma. During severe, acute attacks of asthma, injections of epinephrine are given just under the patients skin. Epinephrine has a quick, but short lasting effect of bronchodilation. Most asthma patients are given bronchodilators such as abuterol that are used in a mist form that is inhaled from either a special inhaler device or an aerosol machine. Some patients are instructed to use their bronchodilator at regular intervals, while others may just be told to use the inhaler if they notice the beginning of an asthma attack. The inhaled medications are quick acting because they a re directly applied to the constricted airways. Another type of treatment is called Anti-Inflammatory drugs. Anti- Inflammatory drugs reduce the swelling and inflammation of the airways. These drugs can be inhaled or taken in pill form. Two types of anti-inflammatory drugs that are prescribed for asthma patients: Chromolyn sodium and Corticosteroids. Chromolyn sodium is also prescribed for people with allergies, and it has few side effects. Oral corticosteriods are very effective in treating asthma, but should be reserved for severe cases, due to their serious side effects. (Cramer 5) Short-term side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, hypertension, and fluid retention. Over the long-term corticosteriods may cause osteoporosis, cataracts, and impaired immune response. These side effects usually preclude the use of corticosteriods for long periods of time. In fact, short courses of steroids are preferred. These â€Å"steroid bursts† are given over about a week’s time and then discontinued, as a treatment for a sudden sever asthma attack, perhaps brought on by exposure to an allergen or viral infection. Inhaled corticosteroids have few side effects. These medications are also prescribed for allergy patients. Unlike their oral counterparts, these drugs can be taken for much longer periods of time. They are especially useful in controlling moderate asthma. A new asthma medication called leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are being used to interfere with the actions of a class of chemicals called leukotrienes. Leukotrienes help produce the symptoms of asthma. Interference with their actions decreases asthma symptomology. LTRAs are believed to greatly reduce asthma severity, when taken daily. (Britannica 2) To avoid attacks patients can take certain preventative steps. Asthma can be avoided by doing the following: 1. Avoid being outside during the early morning and late afternoon hours, when pollen levels are highest. 2. Since dust has been associated with asthma attacks, thoroughly and frequently clean the indoor environment. Dust and vacuum everyday. Wash bed linens in hot, soapy water every few days or so. Replace air filters in air conditioners and furnaces regularly. 3. During hot weather, use air conditioning. (Harrington 55) Eliminating the irritant is the key. If asthma is brought on by cigarette smoke, the patient must avoid this irritant. If asthma is brought on by exercise, the person should try to find a level of exertion that is comfortable. Using an inhaled bronchodilator before exercising may also control asthma symptoms. For all persons with asthma, communication with and regular visits to their physicians are essential components of treatment. Without periodic checkups, the physician cannot monitor progress or potential worsening of symptoms. So, the most important aspect of prevention and treatment for asthma patients is the regular physician visit. Asthma is something that many people live with from day to day. For example, my brother was diagnosed with asthma when my family moved from Alaska. He was a one-year-old baby that was in and out of hospitals all through out his childhood years. At first the doctors wanted to place him in a bubble because it was like he was allergic to everything. C ome to find out he had not built up an immune system to many different kinds of allergens because in Alaska the vegetation of the land is very different. Now this was a very traumatic time for my family because my brother soon became diagnosed with chronic asthma, which is a form of old people’s asthma. The doctors stated that he might not live because he was always so ill. Well it has been sixteen years and instead of the asthma progressing it seems to have regressed extremely. The only bad thing about all of this is that the medicines he was on have very serious side effects and we are not sure how the side effects will affect him. So, even the worse case scenarios can turn into good. The more people know about the disease the better they can handle it. This disease has come a long way since it first entered my family’s life. Doctors now know more about the causes, symptoms, and how to diagnosis the disease than they did in 1985. 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